INTERVIEW COMPASS EDITORIAL DRAFT
Build outcomes. Exercise judgment. Grow capability.
A working heuristic synthesized to organize this question library. It is not an externally validated standard or a substitute for your organization’s promotion rubric. AI expands execution capacity, while human judgment, ownership, and relationships shape how that capacity creates outcomes.
AI capability is embedded across all four dimensions; it is not a separate maturity ladder.
Start with your role and target responsibility
One question can serve several stages. Compare the expected judgment, actions, and results—not a difficulty label. Stage and the 1–4 response score are separate dimensions.
The detailed six-stage profiles and A–H matrix below currently describe engineering roles. Use the specialization entries above for engineering-specific evidence. Product, operations, and design are business-understanding and collaboration perspectives.
Progression
Scope and leverage expand with each stage
The IC and management paths branch from senior contribution.
Individual contributor path Junior → Mid-level → Senior → Staff
Completes bounded work with clear goals and guidance, understands the user and intended outcome, verifies the output, and communicates promptly.
View standards Individual contributorMid-level EngineerOwns a feature or component end to end, delivers reliably, follows operational feedback, and supports peers when relevant to the role.
View standards Individual contributorSenior EngineerClarifies ambiguous problems, weighs cross-component options, and drives project outcomes while making authority and decision boundaries explicit when proposing plans or pivots.
View standards Individual contributorExperienced Senior EngineerCreates sustained professional value in a critical domain or across teams, scaling impact through reusable practices and collaboration without assuming company-wide governance or formal succession duties.
View standardsManagement path Branches from senior contribution
Owns first-line management responsibilities for team outcomes, people development, collaboration, and operating mechanisms; understands the business and domain boundaries and uses professional judgment to review and delegate.
View standards Organization leadershipManager of ManagersWithin actual authority, leads managers to deliver across teams and is accountable for resource direction and organizational capability; strategy, budget, and reorganization authority depend on the role mandate.
View standardsExplore shared planning reference and the full responsibility matrix
Three kinds of planning to examine explicitly
These are connected planning responsibilities within the four evaluation dimensions. Earlier stages participate and decompose; senior engineers own a project or domain plan; staff and management roles align longer-term plans across teams through their respective tracks.
- Business planning
- Which outcomes and opportunities justify investment?
Users, opportunity evidence, baseline measures, investment, work declined, and exit conditions.
Evidence: Compare expected and actual outcomes; use findings to reprioritize.
- Technical planning
- Which technical capabilities must evolve, and in what order?
Architecture, data, technical debt, platform and AI investments, dependencies, migration, and rollback.
Evidence: Validate adoption, quality, cost, and migration risk at staged checkpoints.
- Team planning
- Which capabilities, roles, and capacity make the plan achievable?
Capability gaps, responsibility boundaries, capacity, hiring, development, delegation, and succession.
Evidence: Check independent ownership, capability supply, workload, and delivery continuity.
Stage × A–H responsibility depth
Editorial starting points for engineering and engineering-management roles. The percentages are uneven responsibility-depth labels, not measured mastery, hiring scores, weights, or company level equivalents. A 0% means this is not a general expectation for the stage; role-specific responsibilities can still apply.
Not a general expectation for this stage; assess it when the role carries this responsibility.
Recognizes the responsibility and escalation boundary; participates with guidance without owning the outcome.
Explains fundamentals, recognizes boundaries, and completes defined work with guidance.
Handles routine problems independently, explains trade-offs, and verifies results.
Handles ambiguous or cross-team problems, improves shared practices, and enables others to own work.
Owns capability building for an organization or critical domain, establishes calibration, and develops other owners.
Read within a domain and its relevant role-specific leaves, not as mastery of every leaf. Integrity, safety, and truthful attribution are baseline obligations at every stage; the matrix differentiates the scope and ownership of that responsibility. These anchors are independent of the 1–4 question evaluation rubric.
| Stage / track | AProfessional problem solving and implementation | BBusiness understanding and domain modeling | CValue judgment and direction setting | DDelivery and ongoing operations | ECollaboration, communication, and influence | FPeople and organization building | GLearning, adaptation, and sustained growth | HProfessional responsibility and work style |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Junior EngineerIC | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsUses foundational knowledge on bounded tasks, asks for help when uncertain, and checks common failure paths. Evidence to inspect:Task boundaries, verification steps, issues found, and when help was sought. Related stage standard:Applies foundational role knowledge to common tasks and asks for help when uncertain. | 10% · Understand boundaries and participateDetailsExplains the users, business objects, states, and data meaning involved in the task. Evidence to inspect:Whether the task is restated through real objects and states, not only implementation steps. Related stage standard:Explains business objects, states, and data meaning in the task and checks normal and exceptional paths. | 10% · Understand boundaries and participateDetailsConfirms why the task matters and what completion means; asks when the goal is unclear. Evidence to inspect:The user, intended change, acceptance conditions, and adjustments after clarification. Related stage standard:Clarifies the user, goal, and acceptance conditions before starting a task. | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsCompletes agreed work, verifies the output, and surfaces blockers early. Evidence to inspect:Commitments, verification, surfaced deviations, and follow-through. Related stage standard:Completes agreed work and promptly surfaces deviations that could affect the result. | 10% · Understand boundaries and participateDetailsShares progress, blockers, and needed support while following review and collaboration boundaries. Evidence to inspect:Whether updates were timely and actionable, and how feedback changed the work. Related stage standard:Communicates progress, blockers, and needed support clearly. | 0% · Not a general stage expectationDetailsNot a general stage requirement; when relevant, participates in peer support with guidance without owning organization-building outcomes. Evidence to inspect:Check whether the role actually carries this duty and what the participation involved; lack of opportunity is insufficient evidence. Related stage standard:Communicates progress, blockers, and needed support clearly.Related stage standard:Works within role and authorization boundaries and escalates decisions beyond them. | 25% · Complete bounded work with guidanceDetailsTurns feedback into an observable improvement on the next task and seeks help when stuck. Evidence to inspect:Changes between attempts, feedback source, and effect of the adjustment. Related stage standard:Turns feedback into a concrete improvement in the next task. | 25% · Complete bounded work with guidanceDetailsTruthfully reports facts, errors, risks, and personal contribution; baseline obligations apply at every stage. Evidence to inspect:Reporting, escalation, and correction when errors or uncertainty arise. Related stage standard:Represents contributions, mistakes, and risks honestly and closes owned work. |
| Mid-level EngineerIC | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsIndependently designs and maintains a component, diagnoses routine issues, and verifies key quality constraints. Evidence to inspect:Design trade-offs, diagnosis, tests, and operational feedback. Related stage standard:Designs a maintainable component solution and identifies interfaces, state, and major failure modes. | 25% · Complete bounded work with guidanceDetailsMaps component business rules to data, states, and interfaces, including exceptions and compatibility. Evidence to inspect:Mapping from rules to models/interfaces, migration considerations, and exception cases. Related stage standard:Maps business rules into component data, states, and interfaces and plans compatibility and migration. | 25% · Complete bounded work with guidanceDetailsWithin a clear goal, compares value, cost, and timing, then adjusts a local plan using feedback. Evidence to inspect:Option comparisons, acceptance measures, stop conditions, and reasons for plan changes. Related stage standard:Makes evidence-based trade-offs among cost, quality, and speed within agreed goals. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsOwns a feature or component end to end, from decomposition and dependency coordination to release feedback and verified fixes. Evidence to inspect:Milestones, dependencies, release outcomes, rollback/fixes, and feedback follow-through. Related stage standard:Tracks a component after release, rolls back or diagnoses failures, and verifies repairs. | 25% · Complete bounded work with guidanceDetailsAligns dependencies and acceptance with product, design, and upstream/downstream partners; resolves routine disagreements. Evidence to inspect:Partners, facts behind disagreements, agreements, and handoff outcomes. Related stage standard:Aligns dependencies and acceptance with product, design, and partner teams to deliver a feature. | 10% · Understand boundaries and participateDetailsWhen relevant, contributes through mentoring, review, or sharing; hiring, performance, and people management are not assumed. Evidence to inspect:Authority, who was supported, actual contribution, and changes in the other person’s independence. Related stage standard:Helps peers avoid repeat problems through reviews, documentation, or sharing. | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsChecks whether a new method transfers through work outcomes and changes approach or investment when assumptions fail. Evidence to inspect:Attempts, feedback, outcomes, and reasons for changing repeated effort. Related stage standard:Changes the plan when evidence invalidates an assumption instead of defending the original approach. | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsKeeps commitments for owned components, surfaces risks early, and accurately describes personal and collaborators’ contributions. Evidence to inspect:Risk timing, changed commitments, ownership, and corrective action. Related stage standard:Builds trust by keeping commitments, surfacing bad news early, and aligning expectations. |
| Senior EngineerIC | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsCompares options in ambiguous or cross-component problems, resolves key constraints, and verifies evolution outcomes. Evidence to inspect:Constraints, alternatives, validation, and signals guiding later evolution. Related stage standard:Designs across component boundaries, balancing domain rules, system constraints, evolution cost, and reversibility. | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsClarifies cross-component concepts, rules, and ownership boundaries, then drives coherent, explainable model evolution. Evidence to inspect:Semantic conflicts, decision rights, definitions, and compatibility choices. Related stage standard:Evolves cross-component domain and data models while preserving definitions, compatibility, and historical meaning. | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsFrames project problems and outcome hypotheses, proposes priorities and phases, and recommends pivots; resource decisions follow actual authority. Evidence to inspect:Distinction between recommendation and decision, measures, investment, and pivot conditions. Related stage standard:Proposes phased plans within the owned project or domain, connecting opportunities, outcome measures, investment, and work declined; quarterly is one possible review cadence.Related stage standard:When results contradict the premise, reduces, stops, or redirects work within authority; beyond that authority, presents evidence and a recommendation to the decision owner. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsDrives complex cross-component delivery, manages risk and change, and checks sustained post-launch outcomes. Evidence to inspect:Risk handling, dependency changes, recovery plans, and sustained outcomes. Related stage standard:Sets a technical roadmap for the owned domain, balancing architecture, technical debt, and staged migration; includes AI investment only when relevant opportunities, risks, and validation conditions are clear. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsSecures cross-team commitments and decisions and resolves conflict without relying on reporting authority. Evidence to inspect:Stakeholder interests and constraints, treatment of dissent, and how decisions were carried out. Related stage standard:Aligns multiple teams on goals, dependencies, and decision rights without relying on reporting authority. | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsUses coaching, review, and delegation to help others own larger problems; formal people authority depends on the role. Evidence to inspect:How others’ ownership changed, ongoing feedback, and alternative evidence of professional influence. Related stage standard:Helps peers take on larger problems through delegation with clear boundaries and feedback. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsTests judgments and disconfirming evidence under uncertainty, turning failure reviews into reusable follow-up practices. Evidence to inspect:Initial assumptions, counterevidence, changes in judgment, and later practice changes. Related stage standard:Reviews outcomes and personal judgment to create learning that changes later behavior. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsHandles responsibility conflicts under pressure, protects factual attribution, and drives correction. Evidence to inspect:Authority boundaries, risks affecting decisions, attribution evidence, and correction outcomes. Related stage standard:Recognizes systemic overload and capability limits under pressure, resets commitments, and supports team recovery. |
| Experienced Senior EngineerIC | 100% · Own organizational capabilityDetailsProvides deep judgment in a critical domain, resolves high-impact problems, and makes results reusable and evolvable. Evidence to inspect:Domain constraints, key judgments, reuse, and long-term quality outcomes. Related stage standard:Sets evolvable domain architecture and professional standards while balancing product experience and engineering boundaries. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsResolves semantics and data contracts across important domains to support sound decisions and long-term evolution. Evidence to inspect:Shared definitions, conflict resolution, compatibility, and adoption feedback. Related stage standard:Builds shared business semantics and data contracts across teams to prevent inconsistent local models. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsConnects domain direction to long-term value and weighs investment, opportunity cost, and validation order; company-wide portfolio ownership is not assumed. Evidence to inspect:Domain goals, alternative investments, staged validation, and stop conditions. Related stage standard:Translates annual direction into domain plans and quarterly checkpoints with dependencies and stop conditions. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsImproves delivery and operations in a critical domain or across teams, reducing reliance on individual heroics. Evidence to inspect:Practice adoption, systemic bottleneck changes, and evidence teams can operate independently. Related stage standard:Identifies cross-team complexity or technical debt and makes the overall system simpler and more reliable. | 100% · Own organizational capabilityDetailsHelps multiple teams reach shared judgments and adoption paths while addressing migration cost and lasting disagreement. Evidence to inspect:Participants, decision rights, adoption friction, and actual uptake. Related stage standard:Aligns and enables multiple teams through clear direction and shared decisions rather than personal approval. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsScales capability through specialist coaching, shared assets, standards, or developing owners; direct-team and formal succession duties depend on authority. Evidence to inspect:Alternative evidence such as coaching, shared practice, complex problem solving, and reusable assets. Related stage standard:Helps others take on more complex work through specialist coaching, review, shared assets, or delegation; multiple new owners or formal succession supply are optional evidence contingent on opportunity and authority. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsTests domain assumptions and shares useful methods, validating learning through later decisions. Evidence to inspect:Changed assumptions, external evidence, and transfer into practice. Related stage standard:Updates judgments openly, incorporates outside evidence, and helps the organization revise its understanding. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsMaintains factual, risk, and attribution boundaries in high-impact professional decisions and proposes sustainable corrections. Evidence to inspect:Risk escalation, disputed evidence, conflicts of interest, and sustained correction. Related stage standard:Maintains evidence, risk boundaries, and truthful attribution under major delivery pressure and develops sustainable alternatives. |
| Engineering ManagerManagement | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsReviews key technical and quality risks, engages the right experts, and delegates well; personal coding depth does not substitute for management responsibility. Evidence to inspect:How experts were engaged, assumptions challenged, and risks followed through. Related stage standard:Understands the team’s business flow, key domain rules, and data definitions; reviews product, technical, and quality risks, engaging AI experts when relevant, without being measured by personal coding depth. | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsUnderstands the team’s business flow, domain rules, and data definitions, and checks boundaries that affect outcomes. Evidence to inspect:Judgments about business objects, data definitions, dependencies, and their effects. Related stage standard:Understands the team’s business flow, key domain rules, and data definitions; reviews product, technical, and quality risks, engaging AI experts when relevant, without being measured by personal coding depth. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsTurns business goals into team outcomes and capacity choices, calibrating commitments and priorities with partners. Evidence to inspect:Goals, capacity, guardrails, trade-offs, and partner-aligned commitments. Related stage standard:Defines team goals, outcome measures, and quality guardrails with partners and recalibrates priorities. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsUses team mechanisms to manage capacity, dependencies, quality, and operational risk, correcting course without relying on personal heroics. Evidence to inspect:Operating cadence, risk handling, delegation, and team outcomes. Related stage standard:Allocates capacity across delivery, reliability, talent growth, and technical investment. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsManages partner expectations, team commitments, and escalation paths while protecting candid feedback and effective collaboration. Evidence to inspect:Conflict decisions, reset expectations, feedback channels, and fulfilled commitments. Related stage standard:Manages cross-team commitments, conflict, and escalation so the team can focus on key outcomes. | 100% · Own organizational capabilityDetailsOwns first-line management responsibilities for hiring, performance, development, delegation, and team health. Evidence to inspect:Evidence, fairness, support, and follow-up checks behind people decisions. Related stage standard:Builds capabilities for team goals through hiring, feedback, coaching, and performance management.Related stage standard:Addresses performance gaps and sustained overload through clear feedback, support, and review periods. | 50% · Own routine responsibilities independentlyDetailsUses team signals to inspect management practices, validate changes, and adjust personal management behavior. Evidence to inspect:Team feedback, management changes, observation period, and outcomes. Related stage standard:Reviews whether management mechanisms produce intended outcomes and adjusts personal behavior. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsMaintains facts, fairness, and accountability in people and resource decisions, with effective correction paths. Evidence to inspect:Decision authority, applicable standards, dissent handling, and corrections. Related stage standard:Uses explicit standards in promotion, performance, and resource decisions, manages conflicts of interest, and protects factual reporting. |
| Manager of ManagersManagement | 25% · Complete bounded work with guidanceDetailsCan discuss critical technical choices with experts, raise constraints and risk questions, and understand business consequences without implementing or reviewing every specialty in depth. Evidence to inspect:How expert judgment is engaged, key assumptions are tested, and unsupported endorsement is avoided. Related stage standard:Engages experts on long-term domain and technical choices and understands business, user, and organizational consequences. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsIdentifies structural conflicts across domains and aligns experts on shared semantics, data definitions, and change ownership. Evidence to inspect:Cross-domain conflicts, business consequences, shared definitions, and decision rights. Related stage standard:Engages experts on long-term domain and technical choices and understands business, user, and organizational consequences. | 100% · Own organizational capabilityDetailsCombines direction and resources across teams within delegated authority and adjusts the portfolio based on outcomes; strategy and budget authority depend on mandate. Evidence to inspect:Mandate, portfolio options, investment shifts, and business outcomes. Related stage standard:Within organizational mandate, translates business direction into multi-team outcomes, portfolio priorities, and adjustable investment plans; executive strategy or budget authority is not assumed. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsCalibrates cross-team delivery and operations, addressing systemic bottlenecks, crises, and organizational transitions. Evidence to inspect:Cross-team bottlenecks, operating measures, crisis handling, and transition continuity. Related stage standard:Leads reorganizations, leadership handoffs, and resource contraction while maintaining delivery and testing new accountabilities. | 100% · Own organizational capabilityDetailsEstablishes reliable mechanisms with managers and key partners for direction, decision rights, escalation, and dissent. Evidence to inspect:How the leadership group handles dissent, bad news, and shared decisions. Related stage standard:Builds organization-wide mechanisms for strategic communication, conflict resolution, and decisions. | 100% · Own organizational capabilityDetailsHires, coaches, and evaluates managers, calibrating management quality, organizational boundaries, capability allocation, and succession risk. Evidence to inspect:Manager development and assessment, cross-team capability gaps, succession risks, and organizational outcomes. Related stage standard:Within actual authority, hires, coaches, and evaluates managers and establishes management calibration and leadership handoff practices; organizational scale and succession outcomes depend on opportunity and mandate.Related stage standard:Plans organizational capability, key roles, and management spans with relevant decision-makers; headcount, budget, and formal succession decisions depend on actual authority. | 75% · Handle complex work and broaden influenceDetailsBrings multi-team reviews and external changes into organizational decisions and checks whether learning transfers into practice. Evidence to inspect:Recurring problems, mechanism changes, adoption, and recurrence. Related stage standard:Turns reviews and external change into organizational capability renewal rather than one-off action items. | 100% · Own organizational capabilityDetailsWithin delegated authority, establishes upward information flow, checks on power, and correction paths for consequential decisions. Evidence to inspect:Independent feedback, conflict-of-interest controls, decision review, and correction. Related stage standard:Builds independent feedback and checks on major people and resource decisions to prevent concentrated information and interests. |
The numbers are a compact navigation aid. Read the behavior and evidence details for each cell; do not compare percentages as precise measurements.
How to read differences between stages and tracks
- Junior Engineer
- Focuses on solving, delivering, and verifying clearly scoped work. F is not a general stage requirement. Integrity, safety, and truthful reporting remain baseline obligations.
- Mid-level Engineer
- Focuses on independently owning a component and delivering reliably. F means mentoring or peer support when relevant, not full people-management responsibility.
- Senior Engineer
- Expands cross-team communication, coaching, and delegation alongside complex delivery. F can mean enabling others to own work without assuming performance-management authority.
- Experienced Senior Engineer
- Leads through professional depth and domain influence, scaling long-term impact through shared practices, collaboration, and developing owners without requiring direct reports.
- Engineering Manager
- F is a core responsibility: owns team talent, performance, development, delegation, and health. B requires understanding the team’s business and domain model. A focuses on professional judgment, risk review, and sound delegation, not individual coding depth.
- Manager of Managers
- Builds organizational capability through managers, calibrating management quality and succession. Compared with first-line engineering management, the role focuses more on cross-team business portfolios, organization design, and resource direction. A concerns organization-level technical governance, not mastery of every specialty.
Capability map
Four dimensions, connected to the A–H map
Each standard points back to the observable capability leaves it draws on.
Clarifies the user, goal, and acceptance conditions before starting a task.
Explore progression 28 stage standardsDomain expertiseApplies foundational role knowledge to common tasks and asks for help when uncertain.
Explore progression 26 stage standardsTeam influenceCommunicates progress, blockers, and needed support clearly.
Explore progression 30 stage standardsHuman competitive advantageTurns feedback into a concrete improvement in the next task.
Explore progression